NOTES
[1] The six wars were as follows: the
war with the 'Western Ukrainian Republic' (1918-19), the Poznanian War with Germany
(1918-19), the Silesian War (1919-21), the Lithuanian War (1919-20), the
Czechoslovak War (1919-20), and the Soviet War (1919-20).
• Davies, Norman - God's Playground. A History
of Poland (Columbia University Press, New York 1982), vol. II, p. 394
In these wars, the only assistance received by Poland from the West came from
France in the war against the Soviet Union.
[2] The June 25, 1919,
decision of the Allied Supreme Council allowed Poland to militarily
occupy Eastern Galicia to the River Zbrucz. The Treaty of Riga (March
18, 1921) landed the western part of the historic province of Volhynia
and a large part of Belorussia in Poland. The Conference of Ambassadors
(March 15, 1923) recognized Poland's sovereignty over the area from
Eastern Galicia in the south to Wilno and the adjacent territories in
the north, thus fixing the eastern border of Poland.
• Annex No. 2 - Decision of the Supreme Council
of June 25, 1919, Concerning Eastern Galicia [in: The Problem of Galicia - Skrzypek, Stanislaw (Polish Association for the South-Eastern Provinces, London
1948), p. 65]
• Annex No. 12 - The Treaty of Peace between
Poland, Russia and the Ukraine, Signed at Riga on March 18, 1921 (ibid.),
pp. 72-4
• Annex No. 13 - Decision of the Conference of
Ambassadors, March 15, 1923, on the Subject of the Frontiers of Poland (ibid.), pp. 74-5
[3] • Tomaszewski, Jerzy - Rzeczpospolita wielu narodow (Czytelnik, Warszawa 1985),
pp. 53-66
[4] • Bugajski, Janusz - Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe. A Guide to Nationality
Policies, Organizations and Parties (ME Sharpe, New York 1994), p. 360
[5] Initially, Pilsudski
(1867-1935) opted for a federalist, pluralistic solution to the problem
of the Ukrainian, Belorussian and Lithuanian minorities in Poland. Others,
like Roman Dmowski (1864-1939), leader of the National Democratic Party,
thought that a homogeneous religio-ethnic community was the answer. After
Pilsudski's overtures to the above-mentioned minorities failed, he was
forced to abandon the federalist plan, but nevertheless retained, until
his death, a pluralistic disposition toward the minorities in Poland.
[6] • Gross, Jan T. - Revolution from Abroad. The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western
Ukraine and Western Belorussia (Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ 1988),
p. 6
[7] As quoted by Andrzej
Chojnowski in:
• Problem narodowosciowy na ziemiach polskich
w poczatkach XX w. oraz w II Rzeczypospolitej [in: Z dziejow Drugiej
Rzeczypospolitej - Garlicki, Andrzej [ed.] (Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne,
Warszawa 1986), p. 180]
[8] The Ukrainian nation had a chance
to achieve its independence with the help of the Polish armed forces in 1920 in
exchange for Poland's rights over territories that had belonged to it before the
Partitions. By not supporting the Pilsudski-Petliura alliance, the Ukrainians chose
slavery - and paid a heavier price in the blood of
millions during the Stalinist purges of the 1930s.
[moved here from the original text in consultation with the author; subsequent
references adjusted accordingly]
[9] The phrase "covertly, or overtly"
is used by Samuel Lipa Tennenbaum to describe the communist orientation of the
Zionist followers of Hashomer Hatza'ir.
• Tennenbaum, Samuel Lipa - Zloczow Memoir (Shengold Publishers, New York 1986), p. 55
[10] Union of Israel is a world
organization of Orthodox Jews, founded in 1912. Until 1947, Agudat Israel
opposed Zionism on religious grounds. Its main governing body is the 'Great
Assembly'. The 'Council of Sages', composed exclusively of rabbis, is
responsible for its spiritual guidance.
[11] • Smolar, Aleksander - Jews as a Polish Problem (Daedalus - vol. 116,
no. 2, Cambridge MA 1987), p. 38
[Smolar's essay Tabu i niewinnosc first appeared in Aneks (no. 41/42, London 1986), pp. 89-133]
[12] • Pilsudski, Jozef - Pisma zbiorowe. Wydanie prac dotychczas drukiem ogloszonych (Instytut Jozefa Pilsudskiego, Warszawa 1937), vol. V, p. 147
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