NOTES

[1] The six wars were as follows: the war with the 'Western Ukrainian Republic' (1918-19), the Poznanian War with Germany (1918-19), the Silesian War (1919-21), the Lithuanian War (1919-20), the Czechoslovak War (1919-20), and the Soviet War (1919-20).
• Davies, Norman - God's Playground. A History of Poland (Columbia University Press, New York 1982), vol. II, p. 394
In these wars, the only assistance received by Poland from the West came from France in the war against the Soviet Union.

[2] The June 25, 1919, decision of the Allied Supreme Council allowed Poland to militarily occupy Eastern Galicia to the River Zbrucz. The Treaty of Riga (March 18, 1921) landed the western part of the historic province of Volhynia and a large part of Belorussia in Poland. The Conference of Ambassadors (March 15, 1923) recognized Poland's sovereignty over the area from Eastern Galicia in the south to Wilno and the adjacent territories in the north, thus fixing the eastern border of Poland.
• Annex No. 2 - Decision of the Supreme Council of June 25, 1919, Concerning Eastern Galicia [in: The Problem of Galicia - Skrzypek, Stanislaw (Polish Association for the South-Eastern Provinces, London 1948), p. 65]
• Annex No. 12 - The Treaty of Peace between Poland, Russia and the Ukraine, Signed at Riga on March 18, 1921 (ibid.), pp. 72-4
• Annex No. 13 - Decision of the Conference of Ambassadors, March 15, 1923, on the Subject of the Frontiers of Poland (ibid.), pp. 74-5

[3] • Tomaszewski, Jerzy - Rzeczpospolita wielu narodow (Czytelnik, Warszawa 1985), pp. 53-66

[4] • Bugajski, Janusz - Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe. A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations and Parties (ME Sharpe, New York 1994), p. 360

[5] Initially, Pilsudski (1867-1935) opted for a federalist, pluralistic solution to the problem of the Ukrainian, Belorussian and Lithuanian minorities in Poland. Others, like Roman Dmowski (1864-1939), leader of the National Democratic Party, thought that a homogeneous religio-ethnic community was the answer. After Pilsudski's overtures to the above-mentioned minorities failed, he was forced to abandon the federalist plan, but nevertheless retained, until his death, a pluralistic disposition toward the minorities in Poland.

[6] • Gross, Jan T. - Revolution from Abroad. The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia (Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ 1988), p. 6

[7] As quoted by Andrzej Chojnowski in:
• Problem narodowosciowy na ziemiach polskich w poczatkach XX w. oraz w II Rzeczypospolitej [in: Z dziejow Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej - Garlicki, Andrzej [ed.] (Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, Warszawa 1986), p. 180]

[8] The Ukrainian nation had a chance to achieve its independence with the help of the Polish armed forces in 1920 in exchange for Poland's rights over territories that had belonged to it before the Partitions. By not supporting the Pilsudski-Petliura alliance, the Ukrainians chose slavery - and paid a heavier price in the blood of millions during the Stalinist purges of the 1930s.
[moved here from the original text in consultation with the author; subsequent references adjusted accordingly]

[9] The phrase "covertly, or overtly" is used by Samuel Lipa Tennenbaum to describe the communist orientation of the Zionist followers of Hashomer Hatza'ir.
• Tennenbaum, Samuel Lipa - Zloczow Memoir (Shengold Publishers, New York 1986), p. 55

[10] Union of Israel is a world organization of Orthodox Jews, founded in 1912. Until 1947, Agudat Israel opposed Zionism on religious grounds. Its main governing body is the 'Great Assembly'. The 'Council of Sages', composed exclusively of rabbis, is responsible for its spiritual guidance.

[11] • Smolar, Aleksander - Jews as a Polish Problem (Daedalus - vol. 116, no. 2, Cambridge MA 1987), p. 38
[Smolar's essay Tabu i niewinnosc first appeared in Aneks (no. 41/42, London 1986), pp. 89-133]

[12] • Pilsudski, Jozef - Pisma zbiorowe. Wydanie prac dotychczas drukiem ogloszonych (Instytut Jozefa Pilsudskiego, Warszawa 1937), vol. V, p. 147